SUMO1 Activating Enzyme Subunit 1 (SAE1) (C-Term) Peptide

Background: Covalent attachment of one protein to another is one of the more prominent posttranslational modifications in respects to size and ubiquity – to which eukaryotic proteins are subject. Ubiquitin is the most familiar of the protein modifiers and its activation and transfer to target proteins has been studied for over two decades. Recently a new group of ubiquitin-like (Ubl) proteins have come to light. One of the most intriguing of them is SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier, ~12kDa) also known as Sentrin. SUMO family has been described in vertebrates: SUMO-1 and the closest homologs SUMO-2 and SUMO-3. SUMO have been shown to bind and regulate mammalian SP-RINGs (such as Mdm2, PIAS and PML), RanGAP1, RanBP2, p53, p73, HIPK2, TEL, c-Jun, Fas, Daxx, TNFRI, Topo-I, Topo-II, WRN, Sp100, IkB-alpha, Androgen receptor (AR), GLUT1/4, Drosophila Ttk69, Dorsal, CaMK, yeast Septins, and viral CMV-IE1/2, EBV-BZLF1, HPV/BPV-E1. These bindings implicate SUMO in the stabilization of the target proteins and/or their localization to subcellular complexes. SUMO research enters now an exciting phase with a promise to help understanding how cells orchestrate the complexities of rapidly regulating protein level and activity.