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Investigation of the mechanism of action suggested that a PACAP metabolite, identified as PACAP(9-38), might indeed be responsible for the observed PACAP38 antibacterial action. Surprisingly, PACAP(9-38), which does not induce haemolysis, exhibits an increased specificity toward Burkholderia cenocepacia J2315 compared to other tested bacteria.
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PACAP can help to preserve the integrity of the newly synthetized cartilage matrix via signaling mechanisms, which ultimately inhibit the activity of matrix destroying enzymes under cellular stress.
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The release of biologically active PACAP was described in mast cells; providing a potential biological explanation for the association between allergy and migraine.
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that perturbations in the PACAP-PAC1R pathway may be involved in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathology
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Results have suggested that pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), but predominantly VIP, induce neuroblastoma differentiation into benign form by regulating hypoxia-inducible factors, vascular endothelial growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor expression and distribution.
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human migraine models have shed light on the importance of PACAP38 in the pathophysiology of primary headaches
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PACAP stimulated repairing of corneal endothelium lesion as shown by wound healing analysis.
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Studies suggest that the level of stress and circulating gonadal hormones may differentially regulate the PACAPergic system in males and females to influence anxiety-like behavior and may be one mechanism underlying the discrepancies in human psychiatric disorders. [Review Article]
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Study indicates that both exogenous and endogenous pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide plays a regulatory role in small intestinal cells, but this is restricted to certain conditions, such as type of stressor and timing of application.
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Some abnormalities of the PACAP system are evident in the brains of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome infants.
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Study found that interictal serum PACAP levels are not increased (or decreased) in a large series of chronic migraine women when compared to matched controls without a headache history
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Study found a protective effect of PACAP-38 on oxidative stress damage in zebrafish hair cells, suggesting PACAP-38 ability to prevent hair cells from apoptosis. PACAP-38 treatment decreased the cleaved caspase-3 level in the hair cells, but somewhat unexpectedly had no influence on p-38 MAPK pathway. PACAP-38 treatment also rescued H2O2-induced reduction in movement.
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An association was found in a common variant of the PACAP receptor in patients with cluster headache.
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It has potent neuroprotective and neuroregenerative functions. (review)
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PACAP-38 is released in plasma during attacks of episodic cluster headache patients.
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Hypermethylation of ADCYAP1 gene may be highly associated with the development of cervical cancer.
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This review provides an overview of current knowledge regarding the neuroprotective effects, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic potential of PACAP in response to ischemic brain injuries
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PACAP is involved in the pathogenesis of migraine rather than tension-type headache
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PACAP38-PAC1 signaling process initiates bone marrow-derived cells homing into the ischemic brain for reducing brain injury.
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Results suggest that PACAP could protect SH-SY5Y dopaminergic cells against toxicity induced by inflammatory mediators.
