anti-Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 (ENPP2) Antibodies

Human Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 (ENPP2) interaction partners

1. AUTOTAXIN (ATX) represents a non-invasive biomarker for liver fibrosis in HCV-infected patients.

2. High autotaxin expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is detected in patients with histological grade II and III. Patients with elevated expression levels were found to possess an eight-fold higher risk of death

3. mRNA expression analyses revealed that ADSCs and MES largely expressed LPA receptor 1 (LPAR1) while epithelial cells mainly expressed LPAR6. LPA 18:1 activated all the cell populations and cell lines by rise in cytosolic free calcium concentrations. MES and ADSCs expressed ATX whereas epithelial cells did not.

4. Small intestinal ATX expression by enteroendocrine cells might represent an important source of cholestasis-induced serum ATX activity in men.

5. In the presence of LPC, the cell motile activity of PANC-R9 cells was markedly stimulated. In contrast, LPC did not affect the cell motile activity of PANC-1 cells. PANC-R9 cell motility was inhibited by an ATX inhibitor, PF-8380. These results suggest that LPA signaling via LPA1 is a potent molecular target for the regulation of tumor progression in PANC-1 cells.

6. increase in serum autotaxin concentrations is fairly specific for liver fibrosis, and the serum autotaxin concentrations can be analysed without consideration of food intake before blood collection

7. High ATX gene expression is associated with type I endometrial cancer.

8. These results suggest functional interactions among ATX, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3 in the modulation of hemovascular and lymphovascular cell activation during vascular development.

9. LPAR mRNA and ATX protein levels are anatomic site-dependent in high-grade serous carcinoma and the former are informative of disease outcome.

10. Study revealed that serum total ATX and ATX isoforms were significantly associated with the clinical stages of female subjects with melanoma.

11. Serum ATX levels may at least partially reflect histological severity in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

12. ATX-LPA axis facilitates estrogen-induced endometrial cancer cell proliferation via MAPK/ERK signaling pathway.

13. Significant suppression of these aforementioned changes was observed after ATX/LPA-receptor/ROCK inhibition as well as suppression of fibrotic changes and MLC and cofilin phosphorylation in HTM cells.

14. Autotaxin levels were significantly higher in early-onset preeclampsia group compared with late-onset preeclampsia group. Autotaxin levels were found to be significantly higher in preeclamptic patients compared with control group. Serum autotaxin levels showed a significant positive correlation with maternal systolic, diastolic blood pressures and uric acid levels.

15. Results demonstrated, for the first time, that increased serum ATX activity and protein levels are associated with several aspects of quality of life in cholestatic patients as well as with markers of cholestatic liver injury and higher risks of death and transplantation. The study provides novel clinical evidence of the pruritogenic role of the ATX/lysophosphatidic acid axis in the pathogenesis of cholestatic itch.

16. ENPP2 silencing increased HBV replication approximately 2.3-fold by enhancing, via the type I IFN signaling pathway, HBV cccDNA (covalently closed circular DNA) translation into viral RNA.

17. This study demonstrated that Autotaxin is Related to Metabolic Dysfunction and Predicts Alzheimer's Disease Outcomes.

18. Structural and functional studies have revealed what makes ATX a unique lysoPLD, and how secreted ATX binds to its target cells. The ATX catalytic domain shows a characteristic bimetallic active site followed by a shallow binding groove that can accommodate nucleotides as well as the glycerol moiety of lysophospholipids, and by a deep lipid-binding pocket.

19. We conclude that an ATM-ATX axis interconnects double-strand breaks with silica-induced inflammation and propagates these effects in epithelial cells

20. we present a new crystal structure of ATX in complex with orthovanadate (ATX-VO5), which binds the Ogamma nucleophile of Thr209 and adopts a trigonal bipyramidal conformation, following the nucleophile attack onto the substrate.We propose that ATX follows the associative two-step in-line displacement mechanism.

Mouse (Murine) Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 (ENPP2) interaction partners

1. Data show that autotaxin (ATX)-mediated autocrine lipid signaling promotes naive pluripotency by intersecting with LIF and BMP4 signaling.

2. ENPP2 links Activin-A enhanced mTOR signaling to promote aberrant chondrogenesis in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva

3. This study showed that alternative autotaxin-independent pathways are likely responsible for local generation of lysophosphatidic acid in the injured lung.

4. Hepatocyte autotaxin expression promotes liver fibrosis and liver cancer.

5. These results indicate that ATX-lysophosphatidic acid-LPA3 signaling at the embryo-epithelial boundary induces decidualization via the canonical HB-EGF and COX-2 pathways.

6. ATX is required for the development and maintenance of dermal fibrosis in a mouse model of bleomycin-induced systemic scleroderma (SSc) and enables 2 major mediators of SSc fibrogenesis, lysophosphatidic acid and IL-6, to amplify the production of each other.

7. These results suggest that the post-transcriptional regulation of ATX expression by HuR and AUF1 modulates cancer cell migration.

8. inducible, ubiquitous genetic deletion of ATX in adult mice, as well as long-term potent pharmacologic inhibition, are well tolerated, alleviating potential toxicity concerns of ATX therapeutic targeting.

9. findings indicate that the ATX level must be carefully regulated to ensure coordinated vascular formation

10. Autotaxin is an inflammatory mediator and therapeutic target in thyroid cancer

11. These findings identify ATX and LPA2 as radiation-regulated genes that appear to play a physiological role in DNA repair.

12. The results are discussed in terms of ATX regulation in wound healing and cancer.We, therefore, demonstrate the concept that accumulation of LPA in the circulation decreases ATX production

13. blocking tumor-driven inflammation by ATX inhibition is effective in decreasing tumor growth in breast cancers where the cancer cells express negligible ATX.

14. ATX expression and lysophosphatidic acid production are significantly enhanced in LPS treated BV-2 cells.

15. Enpp2(+/-) mice and adipocyte-specific Enpp2 knockout mice fed a high-fat diet showed smaller weight gains and less insulin resistance than control mice, as well as more functionally active brown adipose tissue and increased energy expenditure.

16. high levels of c-Jun enhance motility in part by driving the expression of ENPP2/Autotaxin

17. Autotaxin generates lysophosphatidic acid from lysophophatidylcholine. The role of this pathway in T-lymphocyte homing, inflammation, and airway remodeling is studied and inhibitors are tested. Review.

18. Autotaxin signaling governs phenotypic heterogeneity in visceral and parietal mesothelia.

19. We validate Enpp2/Autotaxin as one of the highest expressed signature genes in postnatal dermal papilla.

20. We investigated the involvement of ATX in inflammatory bowel disease patients and two murine models of colitis. In the T-cell-transferred mouse model, ATX mRNA expression level gradually increased as colitis developed.

Pig (Porcine) Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 (ENPP2) interaction partners

1. ENPP2 may play an important role in the establishment of pregnancy in pigs by regulating lysophosphatidic acid production at the maternal-conceptus interface.

Cow (Bovine) Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 (ENPP2) interaction partners

1. expression is greater in epithelial cells than in stromal cells of the endometrium

2. These results indicate that the generation of cyclic phosphatidic acid and lysophosphatidic acid in serum is mainly attributed to autotaxin.

Xenopus laevis Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 (ENPP2) interaction partners

1. Defects in forebrain development during loss-of-function experiments for ENPP2, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of extracellular lysophosphatidic acid.

Zebrafish Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 2 (ENPP2) interaction partners

1. The results indicate that ATXb is a second zebrafish ATX, which possibly shares redundant roles with ATXa in embryonic development.

2. this study demonstrates an essential role of enpp2/lysophosphatidic acid signalling during early embryogenesis.

3. Autotaxin-Lysophosphatidic Acid axis acts downstream of Apoprotein B lipoproteins in endothelial cells.

4. When autotaxin (Atx), was overexpressed in zebrafish embryos by injecting atx mRNA, the embryos showed cardia bifida, a phenotype induced by down-regulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling.

5. the ATX-LPA-LPAR axis is a critical regulator of embryonic vascular development that is conserved in vertebrates

6. This study demonstrate that the zebrafish ortholog to mammalian atx displays evolutionarily conserved expression pattern characteristics.

7. results suggest a major role for the Atx/Lpar3 signaling axis in regulating KV formation, ciliogenesis and L-R asymmetry via a Wnt-dependent pathway