Protamine 2 (PRM2) ELISA Kits

Human Protamine 2 (PRM2) interaction partners

1. Bacterial infections have significant negative effects on sperm chromatin condensation and protamine P1/P2 ratio.

2. Protamine-1 and protamine-2 mRNA levels as well as the protamine mRNA ratio and all routine semen parameters revealed significant differences between recurrent miscarriage couples and healthy volunteers. Values of protamine-1 and protamine-2 mRNAs were significantly higher and the protamine mRNA ratio was significantly lower in couples with recurrent miscarriage.

3. Authors examined, for the first time in a Turkish population, the association between protamine gene alleles (PRM1 c.-190C>A, PRM1 c.197G>T, and PRM2 c.248C>T), and YBX2 (c.187T>C and c.1095 + 16A>G) and male infertility.

4. PRM2 gene expression was significantly decreased in immature sperm extracted from the fertile and infertile groups. Caspase 9 activity was significantly increased in immature sperm extracted from both groups.

5. The expressed human protamine2 in two fast-growing cell systems, E. coli and HeLa cells. The protamine2 expression significantly attenuated cell proliferation when compared with control cells.

6. the quantity of PRM1, PRM2, and TNP2 transcripts and the PRM1/PRM2 mRNA ratio affect spermiogenesis, sperm morphology

7. Data indicate changed ecpression levels of PRM2, HSP90 and WNT5A in male of couples experiencing idiopathic recurrent miscarriages.

8. Single nuclotide polymorphisms in PRM2 gene is associated with male infertility.

9. significant correlation has been found between protamine 1 and 2 transcripts/proteins and: sperm concentration, progressive sperm motility, sperm fertilization ability as well as embryo quality

10. identified and we report for the first time five novel rare haplotypes encompassing the protamine 1 and 2 genes

11. Data suggest that Casp4, Casp 6 and TNFSF10 are differentially expressed in potentially fertile and subfertile men and represent useful biomarkers for predicting male fertility in combination with P1 and P2.

12. Mutations in the protamine locus may be an infrequent cause of male infertility.

13. analyse the presence of DAZ, RBMY1, USP9Y, protamine-2, SRY and actin messenger RNA (mRNA) in testicular cells of men suffering from idiopathic azoospermia.

14. significantly enhanced evolutionary rates in the hominid lineage

15. single nucleotide polymorphisms in this gene in fertile and infertile males

16. Altered protamine P1/P2 ratio effects fertilization rate and embryo quality which subsequently may affect implantation and pregnancy outcome.

17. levels of pre-P2 may provide clues into pathogenesis of infertility. increased proportion of pre-P2 in some men with increased P1/P2 ratio suggests involvement of pre-P2 processing & link between deficient protamine processing & decreased DNA integrity.

18. A number of SNPs are present in the testis-specific nuclear protein genes.

19. The P1/P2 ratio has a significant relationship to sperm fertilization ability.

20. Novel polycythemia vera (PV)-associated tumor antigen PV13 (protamine 2) elicits IgG antibody reactions in a subset of PV patients but not in healthy donors, suggesting that it is an authentic tumor antigens.

Mouse (Murine) Protamine 2 (PRM2) interaction partners

1. of Prm2 leads not only to impaired histone to protamine exchange and disturbed DNA-hypercondensation, but also to severe membrane defects resulting in sperm immotility.

2. juvenile spermatids from Ip6k1(-/-) mice display premature expression of the transition protein TNP2 and the protamine PRM2 due to translational derepression.

3. In CBF-A knockout mice, expression of protamine 2 (PRM2) was reduced and the Prm2 mRNA was prematurely translated in a subset of elongating spermatids.

4. Testis-specific miRNA-469 up-regulated in gonadotropin-regulated testicular RNA helicase (GRTH/DDX25)-null mice silences transition protein 2 and protamine 2 messages at sites within coding region: implications of its role in germ cell development.

5. direct correlation between the fraction of sperm with haploinsufficiency of PRM2 and the frequency of sperm with damaged DNA. Ultrastructural analysis revealed reduced compaction of the chromatin

6. Germ cell nuclear factor acts as a repressor of basal transcription on both the Protamine 1 and Protamine 2 promoters.

7. Study shows that protamine 1 and 2 mRNAs, which are specific to the round spermatid stage, are repressed at the two-pronuclei and two-cell stages postfertilization, respectively, in embryos created by round spermatid injection, by distinct mechanisms.

Cow (Bovine) Protamine 2 (PRM2) interaction partners

1. This study was conducted to isolate high-quality RNA from mature spermatozoa and to monitor the expression profile of PRM1 and PRM2 gene in ejaculated spermatozoa of normal and motility impaired bulls.

Pig (Porcine) Protamine 2 (PRM2) interaction partners

1. Porcine spermatozoa may delivery CLU, PRM1 and PRM2 mRNAs to the oocyte, which may contribute to zygotic and early embryonic development.