anti-Gremlin 2 (GREM2) Antibodies

Zebrafish Gremlin 2 (GREM2) interaction partners

1. Through regulation of bone morphogenetic protein signaling, GREM2 is required for cardiac laterality and atrial differentiation during embryonic development.

2. Gremlin 2 regulates distinct roles of BMP and Endothelin 1 (show EDN1 Antibodies) signaling in dorsoventral patterning of the facial skeleton.

3. Prdc is expressed in the developing eyes and the first two pharyngeal arches, in the outer layers of the optic cup, in the arch mesenchyme expands stepwise to the remaining posterior arches, and in the somites and the the swim bladder.

Mouse (Murine) Gremlin 2 (GREM2) interaction partners

1. Grem2 knockdown inhibited cardiomyocyte differentiation, and this effect was similar to that of Notch1 (show NOTCH1 Antibodies) pathway inhibition in vitro. Grem2 enhances the protective effect of cardiac progenitor cells on heart function in a mouse model of myocardial infarction.

2. Grem2 provides a molecular barrier that controls the extent of inflammatory cell infiltration by suppressing BMP2 (show BMP2 Antibodies) after myocardial infarction.

3. Grem2 expression is regulated during development and embryonic stem cell differentiation.

4. PRDC binds heparin with high affinity and that heparin binding to PRDC interferes with BMP antagonism.

5. We show that Tbx2 directly represses Grem1 in distal regions of the posterior limb mesenchyme allowing Bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling to abrogate Fgf4/9/17 expression in the overlying epithelium.

6. Through a combination of biophysical and biochemical studies, the authors determined that PRDC forms biologically active dimers that potently inhibit BMP ligands.

7. The differential regulation of Gremlin2 gene expressions by BMP2 (show BMP2 Antibodies) may explain the critical function of these genes during osteoblast differentiation.

8. ovarian PRDC expressed in granulosa cells could be involved in follicular development by antagonizing the actions of theca cell-derived Bone morphogenetic proteins

9. We propose that PRDC might serve as a mediator to antagonize BMP-4 (show BMP4 Antibodies) signaling by Wnt (show WNT2 Antibodies).

10. PRDC expression in osteoblasts suppresses differentiation and that reduction of PRDC expression promotes osteogenesis in vitro. PRDC is accordingly identified as a potential novel therapeutic target for the regulation of bone formation.

Human Gremlin 2 (GREM2) interaction partners

1. Data show that the GREMLIN 2 (GREM2) expression during Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (hiPS) cell cardiac differentiation follows the expression pattern of cardiac-specific genes.

2. The structure of Grem2-GDF5 (show GDF5 Antibodies) complex has revealed a number of key findings for DAN-family mediated BMP2 (show BMP2 Antibodies) inhibition.

3. This study showed that si-Grem2 increased the BMP-2 (show BMP2 Antibodies)-induced osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs via the BMP-2 (show BMP2 Antibodies)/Smad (show SMAD1 Antibodies)/Runx2 (show RUNX2 Antibodies) pathway.

4. The present study shows that the Grem2 heparin/HS and BMP2 (show BMP2 Antibodies)-binding epitopes are unique and independent, where the Grem2-BMP2 (show BMP2 Antibodies) complex exhibits a significant increase in binding affinity toward heparin moieties that appear to be partially independent of the Grem2 heparin/HS-binding epitope.

5. Gremlin 2 inhibits adipocyte differentiation through activation of Wnt (show WNT2 Antibodies)/beta-catenin (show CTNNB1 Antibodies) signaling

6. GREM2 variants have been identified in atrial fibrillation cohort studies, demonstrating abnormalities in cardiac excitation - supra ventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation.

7. The minor allele of rs4454537 is significantly associated with low bone density at the total hip of southern Chinese people. Our study further suggests GREM2 as a novel susceptibility gene for osteoporosis.

8. Through regulation of bone morphogenetic protein signaling, GREM2 is required for cardiac laterality and atrial differentiation during embryonic development.

9. and that a genetic variant in the FMN2 (show FMN2 Antibodies)/GREM2 locus influences GREM2 expression in osteoblasts and thereby trabecular number and thickness as well as fracture risk.