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Protein Tumor Markers

Written/Edited by Dr. Stefan Pellenz, PhD

Biomarkers are defined as “any substance, structure, or process that can be measured in the body or its products and influence or predict the incidence of outcome or disease”1. Certain physiological conditions are characterized by the presence or altered levels of substances specific for that condition. Substances such as proteins and peptides can be readily measured and are therefore often times used as biomarkers.

Biomarkers in tumor diagnostics

Tumor markers represent a subset of biomarkers that are indicative for cancerous growth. Most of these marker are being produced by both normal cells as well as tumor cells. The levels at which they are present in bodily fluids like urine, saliva or blood are however typically significantly higher in patients with various malignancies.

There is a plethora of tumor markers being used which can be classified base on their function, the way they are detected, or the kind of sample in which they are measured:

  • Oncofetal antigens
  • Tumor associated antigens
  • Hormones and hormone receptors
  • Enzymes and isoenzymes
  • Serum and tissue proteins
  • Cancer stem cells4
  • other tumor markers such genetic markers and biomolecules.
Protein Tumor Markers - antibodies-online.com

Protein Tumor Markers and their sites.

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A perfect tumor marker is highly specific and differentiates reliably between healthy individuals and cancer patients. It can be a universal tumor marker or specific for one particular malignancy. It should permit early detection of early stage tumors and at the same time distinguish tumor stages and have prognostic value for outcome and potential recurrence. Lastly, it should be easily measureable with established techniques to follow any changes during the course of a treatment.

None of the established markers fulfill all the points in the wish list for the perfect tumor marker. Instead, several markers are typically used in conjunction to allow for a reliable diagnosis, prognosis, staging and monitoring of a wide range of different cancer types5.

How are Tumor Markers measured?

The majority of tumor biomarkers are proteins or peptides. Consequently, they can be qualitatively and quantitatively measured using immunological methods such as ELISA, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, or other methods depending on the nature of the marker and of the sample.

An increasing number of tumor markers are also based on genetic variations6. Altered expression patterns and mutations in certain oncogenes do not affect the type of malignancy but are also determinants for the response to treatment.

Protein Tumor Markers in different Tissues

Protein Tumor Markers - antibodies-online.com

Protein Tumor Markers and their sites.

Get our Protein Tumor Marker poster!

By clicking on the link below, you can download a copy of our Protein Tumor Marker poster in PDF format.

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The table above compiles a number of protein and peptide markers that are typically used to diagnose and monitor various malignant conditions. The first column classifies the different markers as oncofetal antigens, tumor associated antigens, hormones and hormone receptors , iso-/enzymes, serum and tissue markers, and cancer stem cell markers. The matrix indicates for which cancer types the different markers can be used.

Protein Tumor Markers Products

antibodies-online offers a wide range of products relevant for immunoassays focused on commonly used tumor markers:

Marker class Marker - click antigen for available products Gene Cancer type IV
Oncofetal antigensAFPliver, germ cell tumors, ovarian, testicular
Oncofetal antigensCEACAM5esophageal, bile duct, colorectal, breast, thyroid
Oncofetal antigensCEACAM6esophageal, bile duct, colorectal, breast, thyroid
Oncofetal antigensCEACAM1esophageal, bile duct, colorectal, breast, thyroid
Oncofetal antigensCEACAM7esophageal, bile duct, colorectal, breast, thyroid
Tumor associated antigensMUC1breast
Tumor associated antigens-bile duct, gastric cancer
Tumor associated antigens -carcinoid
Tumor associated antigens
MUC16germ cell tumors, lung, OC, uterine
Tumor associated antigens
MUC1breast
Tumor associated antigens
-cholangiocarcinoma, colorectal, gastrointestinal, lung, uterine
Tumor associated antigens
-gastrointestinal
Hormes and receptorsCGA, CGBchoriocarcinoma, testicular
Hormes and receptorsCALC1medullary thyroid cancer
Hormes and receptorsCHGAneuroendocrine tumors
Hormes and receptorsPGRbreast
Hormes and receptorsTTRovarian
Hormes and receptors
CALC1thyroid
Hormes and receptors
EGFRlung
Hormes and receptors
ESR1breast
Hormes and receptors
ESR2breast
Hormes and receptors
ERBB2breast, esopahgeal, gastrointestinal
Hormes and receptors
BGLAPbone
Hormes and receptors
TFRCbreast
Hormes and receptors
TTRgerm cell tumors
Enzymes and modulatorsALPLbone
Enzymes and modulatorsBCR/ABL1chronic myelogenous leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia
Enzymes and modulatorsPSAprostate
Enzymes and modulatorsLDHAgerm cell tumors, gastric
Enzymes and modulatorsLDHBgerm cell tumors, gastric
Enzymes and modulatorsLDHCgerm cell tumors, gastric
Enzymes and modulatorsSERPINB3esopahgeal, lung, ovarian, squamous cell carcinoma
Enzymes and modulatorsSERPINB4esopahgeal, lung, ovarian, squamous cell carcinoma
Enzymes and modulatorsPLAUbreast
Enzymes and modulators
BRAFcolorectal, skin
Enzymes and modulators
KITgastrointestinal, mucosal melanoma
Enzymes and modulators
KRASlung
Enzymes and modulators
ENO2lung, thyroid
Enzymes and modulators
NUMA1UBC
Enzymes and modulators
SERPINE1breast
Serum and tissue proteinsKRT19breast, lung
Serum and tissue proteinsWAP5ovarian
Serum and tissue proteins
APOA1germ cell tumors
Serum and tissue proteins
B2Mchronic lymphocytic leukemia, lymphoma, multiple myeloma
Serum and tissue proteins
KRT19breast, esopahgeal, lung, skin, UBC, uterine
Serum and tissue proteins
FTL, FTH1liver
Serum and tissue proteins
-UBC
Serum and tissue proteins
-UBC
Serum and tissue proteins
S100A1skin
Serum and tissue proteins
TGthyroid
Serum and tissue proteins
-UBC
Cancer stem cells
ALDH1A1bile duct, breast, gastrointestinal, lung, skin
Cancer stem cells
MS4A1cancer stem cells, lymphoma, prostate
Cancer stem cells
CD24bile duct, breast, cancer stem cells, gastrointestinal, germ cell tumors, liver
Cancer stem cells
CD44bile duct, breast, cancer stem cells, gastrointestinal, germ cell tumors, liver, prostate
Cancer stem cells
NESbile duct, cancer stem cells, nervous tissue
Oncofetal antigens
AFPgerm cell tumors, liver, testicular

References

  • Grunnet, Sorensen: "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as tumor marker in lung cancer." in: Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands), Vol. 76, Issue 2, pp. 138-43, (2012) (PubMed).
  • Berger, Dirksen, Braeuninger, Koehler, Juergens, Krumbholz, Metzler: "Genomic EWS-FLI1 fusion sequences in Ewing sarcoma resemble breakpoint characteristics of immature lymphoid malignancies." in: PloS one, Vol. 8, Issue 2, pp. e56408, (2013) (PubMed).
  • Medema: "Cancer stem cells: the challenges ahead." in: Nature cell biology, Vol. 15, Issue 4, pp. 338-44, (2013) (PubMed).
  • Zhan, Rindtorff, Boutros: "Wnt signaling in cancer." in: Oncogene, Vol. 36, Issue 11, pp. 1461-1473, (2017) (PubMed).
  • Saitta, Raffa, Alibrandi, Brancatelli, Lombardo, Tripodi, Raimondo, Pollicino: "PIVKA-II is a useful tool for diagnostic characterization of ultrasound-detected liver nodules in cirrhotic patients." in: Medicine, Vol. 96, Issue 26, pp. e7266, (2017) (PubMed).
  • Wojcik, Kulpa: "Pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP) as a biomarker in small-cell lung cancer diagnosis, monitoring and evaluation of treatment response." in: Lung Cancer (Auckland, N.Z.), Vol. 8, pp. 231-240, (2017) (PubMed).
  • Unterlass, Curtin: "Warburg and Krebs and related effects in cancer." in: Expert reviews in molecular medicine, Vol. 21, pp. e4, (2020) (PubMed).
  • Quintero-Fabián, Arreola, Becerril-Villanueva, Torres-Romero, Arana-Argáez, Lara-Riegos, Ramírez-Camacho, Alvarez-Sánchez: "Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Angiogenesis and Cancer." in: Frontiers in oncology, Vol. 9, pp. 1370, (2019) (PubMed).
  • Hanahan: "Hallmarks of Cancer: New Dimensions." in: Cancer discovery, Vol. 12, Issue 1, pp. 31-46, (2022) (PubMed).
  • Mani, Krug, Zhang, Satpathy, Clauser, Ding, Ellis, Gillette, Carr: "Cancer proteogenomics: current impact and future prospects." in: Nature reviews. Cancer, Vol. 22, Issue 5, pp. 298-313, (2022) (PubMed).
  • Ma, Xin, Ma: "The use of single-cell multi-omics in immuno-oncology." in: Nature communications, Vol. 13, Issue 1, pp. 2728, (2022) (PubMed).
  • Cao, Xing, Li, Tian, Song, Jiang, Yu: "Claudin18.2 is a novel molecular biomarker for tumor-targeted immunotherapy." in: Biomarker research, Vol. 10, Issue 1, pp. 38, (2022) (PubMed).
  • Wang, Zhang, Danil, Yang, Hu: "The role and mechanism of claudins in cancer." in: Frontiers in oncology, Vol. 12, pp. 1051497, (2022) (PubMed).

Additional References

Stefan Pellenz
Dr. Stefan Pellenz, PhD
Product Manager at antibodies-online.com

Goal-oriented, time line driven scientist, proficiently trained in different academic institutions in Germany, France and the USA. Experienced in the life sciences e-commerce environment with a focus on product development and customer relation management.

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