TLR Signaling

As part of the innate immune system the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway contributes to the first line of defense against microbial pathogens. The innate immune system was historically considered nonspecific in response to different invading pathogens, targeting a wide array of pathogenic organisms, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. This paradigm substantially shifted with the discovery of the Toll receptor in Drosophila.
To date, 10 members of the family have been identified in human and 13 in mouse. Homologs have also been discovered in plants, illustrating the high-degree of conservation in this receptor class.
Different TLRs recognize specific pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The chemical nature of these PAMPs is highly diverse; e.g. lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria are recognized by TLR4 while TLR5 recognizes the bacterial protein flagellin. Ligands for TLR3, 7, 8, and 9 are nucleic acids, and TLR2 is specific for lipoproteins.
Binding of a TLR ligand to the N-terminal ectodomain of a TLR prompts the formation of TLR homo- or heterodimers. Following dimerization, TLR signals are transduced via a cytoplasmic C-terminal Toll IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain to a set of adapter proteins.
Downstream, TLR signaling engages two distinct pathways in which either TRIF (TICAM2) or MyD88 are the key component. Both pathways culminate in the induction of inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-6, IL-12), type I interferons (IFN-alpha, IFN-beta), or apoptosis. Furthermore, TLR signaling induces dendritic cell maturation and contributes consequently to the adaptive immune response.
Toll-Like Receptors
TLR4 (Toll-Like Receptor 4):
TLR2 (Toll-Like Receptor 2):
TLR3 (Toll-Like Receptor 3):
TLR1 (Toll-Like Receptor 1): | TLR1 antibodies | TLR1 ELISA Kits | TLR1 Proteins |
TLR5 (Toll-Like Receptor 5): | TLR5 antibodies | TLR5 ELISA Kits | TLR5 Proteins |
TLR6 (Toll-Like Receptor 6): | TLR6 antibodies | TLR6 ELISA Kits | TLR6 Proteins |
TLR7 (Toll-Like Receptor 7): | TLR7 antibodies | TLR7 ELISA Kits | TLR7 Proteins |
TLR8 (Toll-Like Receptor 8): | TLR8 antibodies | TLR8 ELISA Kits | TLR8 Proteins |
TLR9 (Toll-Like Receptor 9): | TLR9 antibodies | TLR9 ELISA Kits | TLR9 Proteins |
TLR10 (Toll-Like Receptor 10): | TLR10 antibodies | TLR10 ELISA Kits | TLR10 Proteins |
Coreceptors
LY96 (Lymphocyte Antigen 96):
CD36 (CD36 Molecule (thrombospondin Receptor)):
UNC93B1 (Unc-93 Homolog B1 (C. Elegans)): | UNC93B1 antibodies | ||
CD14 (CD14 Molecule): | CD14 antibodies | CD14 ELISA Kits | CD14 Proteins |
LBP (Lipopolysaccharide Binding Protein): | LBP antibodies | LBP ELISA Kits | LBP Proteins |
Adapters
MYD88 (Myeloid Differentiation Primary Response Gene (88)):
TICAM2 (Toll-Like Receptor Adaptor Molecule 2):
TIRAP (Toll-Interleukin 1 Receptor (TIR) Domain Containing Adaptor Protein): | TIRAP antibodies | TIRAP ELISA Kits | TIRAP Proteins |
TICAM1 (Toll-Like Receptor Adaptor Molecule 1): | TICAM1 antibodies | TICAM1 ELISA Kits | TICAM1 Proteins |
Inhibitors
IRAK3 (Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase 3):
SOCS1 (Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1): | SOCS1 antibodies | SOCS1 ELISA Kits | SOCS1 Proteins |
TNFAIP3 (Tumor Necrosis Factor, alpha-Induced Protein 3): | TNFAIP3 antibodies | TNFAIP3 ELISA Kits | TNFAIP3 Proteins |
TAX1BP1 (Tax1 (Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type I) Binding Protein 1): | TAX1BP1 antibodies | TAX1BP1 Proteins | |
TANK (TRAF Family Member-Associated NFKB Activator): | TANK antibodies | TANK ELISA Kits | TANK Proteins |
PTPN1 (Protein tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1): | PTPN1 antibodies | PTPN1 ELISA Kits | PTPN1 Proteins |
PTPN6 (Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase 1C): | PTPN6 antibodies | PTPN6 ELISA Kits | PTPN6 Proteins |
SARM1 (Sterile alpha and TIR Motif Containing 1): | SARM1 antibodies | SARM1 Proteins |
Transducer
IRAK4 (Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase 4):
TRAF3 (TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 3):
TRAF6 (TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6):
TBK1 - TANK-Binding Kinase 1: | TBK1 antibodies | TBK1 ELISA Kits | TBK1 Proteins |
IRAK1 (Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase 1): | IRAK1 antibodies | IRAK1 ELISA Kits | IRAK1 Proteins |
IRAK2 (Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase 2): | IRAK2 antibodies | IRAK2 ELISA Kits | IRAK2 Proteins |
IKBKE - Inhibitor of kappa Light Polypeptide Gene Enhancer in B-Cells, Kinase epsilon: | IKBKE antibodies | IKBKE ELISA Kits | IKBKE Proteins |
RIPK1 (Receptor (TNFRSF)-Interacting serine-threonine Kinase 1): | RIPK1 antibodies | RIPK1 ELISA Kits | RIPK1 Proteins |
TAB1 (TGF-beta Activated Kinase 1/MAP3K7 Binding Protein 1): | TAB1 antibodies | TAB1 ELISA Kits | TAB1 Proteins |
TAB2 (TGF-beta Activated Kinase 1/MAP3K7 Binding Protein 2): | TAB2 antibodies | TAB2 ELISA Kits | |
TAB3 (TGF-beta Activated Kinase 1/MAP3K7 Binding Protein 3): | TAB3 antibodies | TAB3 ELISA Kits | TAB3 Proteins |
ECSIT (ECSIT Homolog (Drosophila)): | ECSIT antibodies | ECSIT ELISA Kits | ECSIT Proteins |
NF-kappaB
CHUK (conserved Helix-Loop-Helix Ubiquitous Kinase): | CHUK antibodies | CHUK ELISA Kits | CHUK Proteins |
IKBKB (Inhibitor of kappa Light Polypeptide Gene Enhancer in B-Cells, Kinase beta): | IKBKB antibodies | IKBKB ELISA Kits | IKBKB Proteins |
IKBKG (Inhibitor of kappa Light Polypeptide Gene Enhancer in B-Cells, Kinase gamma): | IKBKG antibodies | IKBKG ELISA Kits | IKBKG Proteins |
NFKB1 (Nuclear Factor of kappa Light Polypeptide Gene Enhancer in B-Cells 1): | NFKB1 antibodies | NFKB1 ELISA Kits | NFKB1 Proteins |
NFkBP65 - p65: | NFkBP65 antibodies | NFkBP65 ELISA Kits | NFkBP65 Proteins |
NFKBIA (Nuclear Factor of kappa Light Polypeptide Gene Enhancer in B-Cells Inhibitor, alpha): | NFKBIA antibodies | NFKBIA ELISA Kits | NFKBIA Proteins |
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases
MAP3K1 (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase 1): | MAP3K1 antibodies | MAP3K1 ELISA Kits | MAP3K1 Proteins |
MAP3K7 (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase 7): | MAP3K7 antibodies | MAP3K7 ELISA Kits | MAP3K7 Proteins |
MAP2K3 (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 3): | MAP2K3 antibodies | MAP2K3 ELISA Kits | MAP2K3 Proteins |
MAP2K4 (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 4): | MAP2K4 antibodies | MAP2K4 ELISA Kits | MAP2K4 Proteins |
MAP2K6 (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 6): | MAP2K6 antibodies | MAP2K6 ELISA Kits | MAP2K6 Proteins |
MAP2K7 (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 7): | MAP2K7 antibodies | MAP2K7 ELISA Kits | MAP2K7 Proteins |
CREB1 (cAMP Responsive Element Binding Protein 1): | CREB1 antibodies | CREB1 ELISA Kits | CREB1 Proteins |
MAPK8 - JNK: | MAPK8 antibodies | MAPK8 ELISA Kits | MAPK8 Proteins |
MAPK9 (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9): | MAPK9 antibodies | MAPK9 ELISA Kits | MAPK9 Proteins |
MAPK10 (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 10): | MAPK10 antibodies | MAPK10 Proteins |
Interferon Regulatory Factors
IRF7 (Interferon Regulatory Factor 7):
IRF3 - Interferon Regulatory Factor 3
IRF5 (Interferon Regulatory Factor 5):
Cell Survival
PIK3CA (Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase, Catalytic, alpha Polypeptide): | PIK3CA antibodies | PIK3CA ELISA Kits | PIK3CA Proteins |
PIK3CG (Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase, Catalytic, gamma Polypeptide): | PIK3CG antibodies | PIK3CG Proteins | |
AKT1 - AKT: | AKT1 antibodies | AKT1 ELISA Kits | AKT1 Proteins |
AKT2 (V-Akt Murine Thymoma Viral Oncogene Homolog 2): | AKT2 antibodies | AKT2 ELISA Kits | AKT2 Proteins |
AKT3 (V-Akt Murine Thymoma Viral Oncogene Homolog 3 (Protein Kinase B, Gamma)): | AKT3 antibodies | AKT3 ELISA Kits | AKT3 Proteins |
Apoptosis
FADD (Fas (TNFRSF6)-Associated Via Death Domain): | FADD antibodies | FADD ELISA Kits | FADD Proteins |
CASP8 - Caspase 8: | CASP8 antibodies | CASP8 ELISA Kits | CASP8 Proteins |