All organisms (single and multi-cellular) rely upon reiteration of growth and division of existing cells under favorable conditions. During each round of this process, the cell cycles through an ordered series of events in which its genetic information is duplicated and then divided among two daughter cells. These events are tightly regulated and certain checkpoints must be passed in order for the cell cycle to be completed. The loss of control of these processes is a hallmark of cancer.
The cell cycle is split up into four major phases based on the events unfolding in the cell. During the first gap phase (G1) the proteins are produced that are essential for DNA replication. The genetic information is then being replicated during the synthesis (S) phase. In the second gap phase (G2) all the components that are necessary for the separation of the duplicated DNA during the subsequent mitosis (M phase). Cells that are not actively dividing are considered to be in a quiescent state in the resting phase G0.
Cell division is necessary for life, but unregulated division is dangerous and counterproductive. Therefore, the cell has an impetus for maintaining tight regulatory control over how and when division takes place. There are two major checkpoints in the cell cycle. The first choke-point the cell must pass is between the G1 and S phase. A second opportunity for arrest is provided between G2 and M phases. Once DNA replication has been initiated, it must be finished. Therefore, the major checkpoint in the cell cycle is the restriction (R) point between G1 and S phases, prior to DNA duplication, at which the cycle progresses depending on mitogenic or inhibitory factors such as DNA damage and signals from various signaling pathways.
Progression from one phase to another is controlled by cyclin dependent kinases (CDK) and their activators, cyclins. Latter proteins are unstable and their cellular concentration cycles throughout the cell cycle. Accordingly, specific cyclin-CDK complexes persist in an active form for a very short period of time after translation, and are then degraded or inactivated by the time that particular phase of the cell cycle completes. Activation of specific cyclin-CDK complexes are characteristic for the different cell cycle phases, and drive production of specific molecules associated with, and necessary for that phase of division. Additional levels of dynamic control are also provided by CDK inhibitors, which block CDK function even in the presence of their requisite cyclin.
CDK2AP2 (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 Associated Protein 2): | CDK2AP2 antibodies | CDK2AP2 ELISA Kits | CDK2AP2 Proteins |
CDK3 (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 3): | CDK3 antibodies | CDK3 ELISA Kits | CDK3 Proteins |
CDKL3 (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-Like 3): | CDKL3 antibodies | CDKL3 Proteins | |
CDK5 (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5): | CDK5 antibodies | CDK5 ELISA Kits | CDK5 Proteins |
CDK7 (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 7): | CDK7 antibodies | CDK7 ELISA Kits | CDK7 Proteins |
CDK8 (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8): | CDK8 antibodies | CDK8 ELISA Kits | CDK8 Proteins |
CDK9 (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 9): | CDK9 antibodies | CDK9 ELISA Kits | CDK9 Proteins |
CCNA1 - Cyclin A1: | CCNA1 antibodies | CCNA1 ELISA Kits | CCNA1 Proteins |
CCNA2 - Cyclin A: | CCNA2 antibodies | CCNA2 ELISA Kits | CCNA2 Proteins |
CCNB3 - Cyclin B3: | CCNB3 antibodies | CCNB3 Proteins | |
CCNC - Cyclin C: | CCNC antibodies | CCNC Proteins | |
CCND1 - Cyclin D1: | CCND1 antibodies | CCND1 ELISA Kits | CCND1 Proteins |
CCND2 - Cyclin D2: | CCND2 antibodies | CCND2 ELISA Kits | CCND2 Proteins |
CCND3 - Cyclin D3: | CCND3 antibodies | CCND3 ELISA Kits | CCND3 Proteins |
CCNH - Cyclin H: | CCNH antibodies | CCNH ELISA Kits | CCNH Proteins |
CCNI - Cyclin I: | CCNI antibodies | CCNI ELISA Kits | CCNI Proteins |
FOXO1 (Forkhead Box O1): | FOXO1 antibodies | FOXO1 ELISA Kits | FOXO1 Proteins |
FOXO3 (Forkhead Box O3): | FOXO3 antibodies | FOXO3 ELISA Kits | FOXO3 Proteins |
FOXO4 (Forkhead Box O4): | FOXO4 antibodies | FOXO4 ELISA Kits | FOXO4 Proteins |
SMAD2 (SMAD, Mothers Against DPP Homolog 2): | SMAD2 antibodies | SMAD2 ELISA Kits | SMAD2 Proteins |
SMAD3 (SMAD, Mothers Against DPP Homolog 3): | SMAD3 antibodies | SMAD3 ELISA Kits | SMAD3 Proteins |
SMAD4 (SMAD Family Member 4): | SMAD4 antibodies | SMAD4 ELISA Kits | SMAD4 Proteins |
BMI1 (BMI1 Polycomb Ring Finger Oncogene): | BMI1 antibodies | BMI1 ELISA Kits | BMI1 Proteins |
MNAT1 (Menage A Trois Homolog 1, Cyclin H Assembly Factor (Xenopus Laevis)): | MNAT1 antibodies | MNAT1 ELISA Kits | MNAT1 Proteins |
CDC25B (Cell Division Cycle 25 Homolog B (S. Pombe)): | CDC25B antibodies | CDC25B ELISA Kits | CDC25B Proteins |
CDC25C (Cell Division Cycle 25 Homolog C (S. Pombe)): | CDC25C antibodies | CDC25C ELISA Kits | CDC25C Proteins |
RASGRF1 (Ras Protein-Specific Guanine Nucleotide-Releasing Factor 1): | RASGRF1 antibodies | RASGRF1 ELISA Kits | RASGRF1 Proteins |
CDKN2C (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2C (p18, Inhibits CDK4)): | CDKN2C antibodies | CDKN2C ELISA Kits | CDKN2C Proteins |
CDKN2D (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2D (p19, Inhibits CDK4)): | CDKN2D antibodies | CDKN2D Proteins | |
CDKN1A (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1A (p21, Cip1)): | CDKN1A antibodies | CDKN1A ELISA Kits | CDKN1A Proteins |
CDKN1B (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1B (p27, Kip1)): | CDKN1B antibodies | CDKN1B ELISA Kits | CDKN1B Proteins |
CDKN1C (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1C (p57, Kip2)): | CDKN1C antibodies | CDKN1C ELISA Kits | CDKN1C Proteins |
MYC - C-MYC: | MYC antibodies | MYC ELISA Kits | MYC Proteins |
E2F2 (E2F Transcription Factor 2): | E2F2 antibodies | E2F2 ELISA Kits | E2F2 Proteins |
E2F4 (E2F Transcription Factor 4, P107/p130-Binding): | E2F4 antibodies | E2F4 Proteins | |
TFDP1 - DP1: | TFDP1 antibodies | TFDP1 ELISA Kits | TFDP1 Proteins |
TFDP2 - DP2: | TFDP2 antibodies | TFDP2 ELISA Kits | TFDP2 Proteins |
RBL1 - p107: | RBL1 antibodies | RBL1 ELISA Kits | RBL1 Proteins |
RBL2 - p130: | RBL2 antibodies | RBL2 ELISA Kits | RBL2 Proteins |
MNAT1 (Menage A Trois Homolog 1, Cyclin H Assembly Factor (Xenopus Laevis)): | MNAT1 antibodies | MNAT1 ELISA Kits | MNAT1 Proteins |
CDC25A (Cell Division Cycle 25 Homolog A (S. Pombe)): | CDC25A antibodies | CDC25A ELISA Kits | CDC25A Proteins |
CDC25B (Cell Division Cycle 25 Homolog B (S. Pombe)): | CDC25B antibodies | CDC25B ELISA Kits | CDC25B Proteins |
CDC25C (Cell Division Cycle 25 Homolog C (S. Pombe)): | CDC25C antibodies | CDC25C ELISA Kits | CDC25C Proteins |
RASGRF1 (Ras Protein-Specific Guanine Nucleotide-Releasing Factor 1): | RASGRF1 antibodies | RASGRF1 ELISA Kits | RASGRF1 Proteins |
WEE1 (WEE1 Homolog (S. Pombe)): | WEE1 antibodies | WEE1 ELISA Kits | WEE1 Proteins |
MYT1 (Myelin Transcription Factor 1): | MYT1 antibodies | MYT1 ELISA Kits | MYT1 Proteins |
PLK1 (Polo-Like Kinase 1): | PLK1 ELISA Kits | ||
PPM1D (Protein Phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+ Dependent, 1D): | PPM1D antibodies | PPM1D Proteins | |
GADD45A (Growth Arrest and DNA-Damage-Inducible, alpha): | GADD45A antibodies | GADD45A ELISA Kits | GADD45A Proteins |
GADD45B (Growth Arrest and DNA-Damage-Inducible, beta): | GADD45B antibodies | GADD45B Proteins | |
GADD45G (Growth Arrest and DNA-Damage-Inducible, gamma): | GADD45G antibodies | GADD45G ELISA Kits | GADD45G Proteins |
MDM4 - MDM4-binding Protein: | MDM4 antibodies | MDM4 ELISA Kits | MDM4 Proteins |
BRCA1 (Breast Cancer 1): | BRCA1 antibodies | BRCA1 ELISA Kits | BRCA1 Proteins |
RBBP8 - Retinoblastoma Binding Protein 8: | RBBP8 antibodies | RBBP8 Proteins | |
HIPK2 (Homeodomain Interacting Protein Kinase 2): | HIPK2 antibodies | HIPK2 ELISA Kits | HIPK2 Proteins |
TOP2A - Topoisomerase II alpha: | TOP2A antibodies | TOP2A ELISA Kits | TOP2A Proteins |
TERF1 - TRF1: | TERF1 antibodies | TERF1 ELISA Kits | TERF1 Proteins |
TERF2 - TRF2: | TERF2 antibodies | TERF2 ELISA Kits | TERF2 Proteins |
TINF2 (TIN2): | TINF2 antibodies | TINF2 ELISA Kits | TINF2 Proteins |
TPP1 (Tripeptidyl Peptidase I): | TPP1 antibodies | TPP1 ELISA Kits | TPP1 Proteins |
POT1 (Protection of Telomeres 1 Homolog (S. Pombe)): | POT1 antibodies | POT1 ELISA Kits | POT1 Proteins |
TERF2IP - RAP1: | TERF2IP antibodies | TERF2IP ELISA Kits | TERF2IP Proteins |
AURKA - Aurora A: | AURKA antibodies | AURKA ELISA Kits | AURKA Proteins |
CDKN1A (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1A (p21, Cip1)): | CDKN1A antibodies | CDKN1A ELISA Kits | CDKN1A Proteins |
MDM2 (Mdm2 P53 Binding Protein Homolog (Mouse)): | |||
MDM2 (Mdm2, p53 E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase Homolog (Mouse)): | MDM2 antibodies | MDM2 ELISA Kits | MDM2 Proteins |
AURKB - Aurora Kinase B: | AURKB antibodies | AURKB ELISA Kits | AURKB Proteins |
AURKC - Aurora Kinase C: | AURKC antibodies | AURKC Proteins | |
CDCA8 (Cell Division Cycle Associated 8): | CDCA8 antibodies | CDCA8 ELISA Kits | CDCA8 Proteins |
BIRC5 (Baculoviral IAP Repeat-Containing 5): | BIRC5 antibodies | BIRC5 ELISA Kits | BIRC5 Proteins |
EPR1 (Early-Phytochrome-Responsive1): |
COPS2 - COP9 Constitutive Photomorphogenic Homolog Subunit 2 (Arabidopsis): | COPS2 Proteins | ||
COPS3 (COP9 Constitutive Photomorphogenic Homolog Subunit 3 (Arabidopsis)): | COPS3 antibodies | COPS3 Proteins | |
COPS4 (COP9 Constitutive Photomorphogenic Homolog Subunit 4 (Arabidopsis)): | COPS4 antibodies | COPS4 Proteins | |
COPS5 (COP9 Constitutive Photomorphogenic Homolog Subunit 5 (Arabidopsis)): | COPS5 antibodies | COPS5 ELISA Kits | COPS5 Proteins |
COPS7A (COP9 Constitutive Photomorphogenic Homolog Subunit 7A (Arabidopsis)): | COPS7A antibodies | COPS7A Proteins | |
COPS7B (COP9 Constitutive Photomorphogenic Homolog Subunit 7B (Arabidopsis)): | COPS7B antibodies | COPS7B Proteins | |
COPS8 (COP9 Constitutive Photomorphogenic Homolog Subunit 8 (Arabidopsis)): | COPS8 antibodies | COPS8 Proteins |
SKP1 (S-Phase Kinase-Associated Protein 1): | SKP1 antibodies | SKP1 ELISA Kits | SKP1 Proteins |
RBX1 (Ring-Box 1, E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase): | RBX1 antibodies | RBX1 Proteins | |
BTRC (beta-Transducin Repeat Containing): | BTRC antibodies | BTRC ELISA Kits | BTRC Proteins |
TFDP2 - DP2: | TFDP2 antibodies | TFDP2 ELISA Kits | TFDP2 Proteins |
TFDP3 (Transcription Factor Dp Family, Member 3): | TFDP3 antibodies | ||
LIN9 (Lin-9 Homolog (C. Elegans)): | LIN9 antibodies | LIN9 Proteins | |
LIN37 (Lin-37 Homolog (C. Elegans)): | LIN37 antibodies | LIN37 Proteins | |
LIN54 (Lin-54 Homolog (C. Elegans)): | LIN54 antibodies | LIN54 Proteins | |
RBBP4 - Retinoblastoma Binding Protein 4: | RBBP4 antibodies | RBBP4 ELISA Kits | RBBP4 Proteins |
MYBL1 (Myb-Like Protein 1): | MYBL1 antibodies | MYBL1 ELISA Kits | MYBL1 Proteins |
MYBL2 (V-Myb Myeloblastosis Viral Oncogene Homolog (Avian)-Like 2): | MYBL2 antibodies | MYBL2 ELISA Kits | MYBL2 Proteins |