The PI3K/Akt pathway is pivotal for cellular homeostasis, neurological development, metabolism, and other processes. It regulates various aspects of cellular development such as apoptosis, cell cycle progression, and cell differentiation.
The key regulator of the PI3K/Akt pathway is Akt/PKB, a family of three closely related serine/threonine-protein kinases. Akt1/PKB alpha plays an important role in cell proliferation and cell metabolism. Akt2/PKB beta is of great significance for glucose metabolism. Akt3/PKB gamma is the least characterized member of the Akt family but it is mainly expressed in the brain where it is thought to regulate mitochondrial biogenesis.
Mutations in Akt contribute oftentimes to deregulation of these processes and the emergence of various forms of cancer. Akt hyperactivation also leads to increased glycolysis, thus supporting the metabolic transformation of cancer cells. Akt has been implicated in the development of cancer drug resistance and is therefore subject of preclinical and clinical research. However, Akt activation alone is usually not sufficient and other mutations are generally necessary to create the cancer phenotype.
Loss of function of the major Akt regulators PI3K and PTEN can lead to hyperactivation of Akt. PI3Ks are an enzyme family that phosphorylate PtdIns (Phosphatidylinositol) to generate phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). Upon activation by receptor tyrosine kinase PI3K phosphorylates PIP2 to PIP3 which then activates Akt signaling. PTEN acts as a negative regulator of the signal transduction by dephosphorylation of PIP3 to PIP2.
AKT2 (V-Akt Murine Thymoma Viral Oncogene Homolog 2): | AKT2 antibodies | AKT2 ELISA Kits | AKT2 Proteins |
AKT3 (V-Akt Murine Thymoma Viral Oncogene Homolog 3 (Protein Kinase B, Gamma)): | AKT3 antibodies | AKT3 ELISA Kits | AKT3 Proteins |
GRIA3 - Glutamate Receptor 3: | GRIA3 antibodies | GRIA3 ELISA Kits | GRIA3 Proteins |
GRIA4 (Glutamate Receptor, Ionotrophic, AMPA 4): | GRIA4 antibodies | GRIA4 ELISA Kits | GRIA4 Proteins |
BAD (BCL2-Associated Agonist of Cell Death): | BAD antibodies | BAD ELISA Kits | BAD Proteins |
BAX (BCL2-Associated X Protein): | BAX antibodies | BAX ELISA Kits | BAX Proteins |
BCL2L11 - BIM: | BCL2L11 antibodies | BCL2L11 ELISA Kits | BCL2L11 Proteins |
FOXO1 (Forkhead Box O1): | FOXO1 antibodies | FOXO1 ELISA Kits | FOXO1 Proteins |
TP53 - p53: | TP53 antibodies | TP53 ELISA Kits | TP53 Proteins |
CCND1 - Cyclin D1: | CCND1 antibodies | CCND1 ELISA Kits | CCND1 Proteins |
CDK2 (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2): | CDK2 antibodies | CDK2 ELISA Kits | CDK2 Proteins |
CDK2AP2 (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 Associated Protein 2): | CDK2AP2 antibodies | CDK2AP2 ELISA Kits | CDK2AP2 Proteins |
GSK3a - GSK3 alpha: | GSK3a antibodies | GSK3a ELISA Kits | GSK3a Proteins |
ATG13 (Autophagy Related 13): | ATG13 antibodies | ATG13 Proteins | |
RPS6KB2 (Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase, 70kDa, Polypeptide 2): | RPS6KB2 antibodies | RPS6KB2 ELISA Kits | RPS6KB2 Proteins |
PFKFB2 (6-phosphofructo-2-Kinase/fructose-2,6-Biphosphatase 2): | PFKFB2 antibodies | PFKFB2 ELISA Kits | PFKFB2 Proteins |
GSK3a - GSK3 alpha: | GSK3a antibodies | GSK3a ELISA Kits | GSK3a Proteins |
HK2 - Hexokinase 2: | HK2 antibodies | HK2 ELISA Kits | HK2 Proteins |
PIP5K1A (Phosphatidylinositol-4-Phosphate 5-Kinase, Type I, alpha): | PIP5K1A antibodies | PIP5K1A Proteins | |
PIP5K1C (Phosphatidylinositol-4-Phosphate 5-Kinase, Type I, gamma): | PIP5K1C antibodies | PIP5K1C Proteins |
CHUK (conserved Helix-Loop-Helix Ubiquitous Kinase): | CHUK antibodies | CHUK ELISA Kits | CHUK Proteins |
MAP3K8 (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase 8): | MAP3K8 antibodies | MAP3K8 ELISA Kits | MAP3K8 Proteins |
DEPTOR (DEP Domain Containing MTOR-Interacting Protein): | DEPTOR antibodies | DEPTOR ELISA Kits | DEPTOR Proteins |
FRAP1 - MTOR: | FRAP1 antibodies | FRAP1 ELISA Kits | FRAP1 Proteins |
FRAP1 - MTOR: | FRAP1 antibodies | FRAP1 ELISA Kits | FRAP1 Proteins |
MAPKAP1 (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Associated Protein 1): | MAPKAP1 antibodies | MAPKAP1 ELISA Kits | MAPKAP1 Proteins |
MLST8 (MTOR Associated Protein, LST8 Homolog (S. Cerevisiae)): | MLST8 antibodies | MLST8 ELISA Kits | MLST8 Proteins |
PRR5 - Proline Rich 5 (Renal): | PRR5 antibodies | PRR5 Proteins |
PDK2 (Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase, Isozyme 2): | PDK2 antibodies | PDK2 ELISA Kits | PDK2 Proteins |
PDK3 (Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase, Isozyme 3): | PDK3 antibodies | PDK3 Proteins | |
PDK4 (Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase, Isozyme 4): | PDK4 antibodies | PDK4 ELISA Kits | PDK4 Proteins |
PHLPP2 (PH Domain and Leucine Rich Repeat Protein Phosphatase 2): | PHLPP2 antibodies | PHLPP2 Proteins |
PIK3CG (Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase, Catalytic, gamma Polypeptide): | PIK3CG antibodies | PIK3CG Proteins | |
PIK3R6 (Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase, Regulatory Subunit 6): | PIK3R6 antibodies | PIK3R6 Proteins | |
PI3KR5 (PI3KR5): | PI3KR5 antibodies |
MTS - Microtubule Star: | MTS antibodies | ||
PPP2R1A (Protein Phosphatase 2, Regulatory Subunit A, alpha): | PPP2R1A antibodies | PPP2R1A ELISA Kits | PPP2R1A Proteins |
PPP2R1B (Protein Phosphatase 2, Regulatory Subunit A, beta): | PPP2R1B antibodies | PPP2R1B Proteins | |
PPP2R3A (Protein Phosphatase 2, Regulatory Subunit B'', alpha): | PPP2R3A antibodies | ||
PPP2R3C (Protein Phosphatase 2, Regulatory Subunit B'', gamma): | PPP2R3C antibodies | PPP2R3C Proteins | |
PPP2R5A (Protein Phosphatase 2, Regulatory Subunit B', alpha): | PPP2R5A antibodies | PPP2R5A Proteins | |
PPP2R5B (Protein Phosphatase 2, Regulatory Subunit B', beta): | PPP2R5B antibodies | PPP2R5B Proteins | |
PPP2R5D (Protein Phosphatase 2, Regulatory Subunit B', delta): | PPP2R5D antibodies | PPP2R5D Proteins | |
PPP2R5E (Protein Phosphatase 2, Regulatory Subunit B', epsilon Isoform): | PPP2R5E antibodies | PPP2R5E Proteins | |
PPP2CA - Protein Phosphatase 2, Regulatory Subunit B', gamma: | PPP2CA antibodies | PPP2CA Proteins | |
PPP2R2B (Protein Phosphatase 2, Regulatory Subunit B, beta): | PPP2R2B antibodies | PPP2R2B Proteins | |
PPP2R2C (Protein Phosphatase 2, Regulatory Subunit B, gamma): | PPP2R2C antibodies | PPP2R2C Proteins | |
PPP2R3B (Protein Phosphatase 2A 48 KDa Regulatory Subunit): | PPP2R3B antibodies | PPP2R3B Proteins |
MAPKSP1 (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase 1 Interacting Protein 1): | MAPKSP1 antibodies | MAPKSP1 ELISA Kits | MAPKSP1 Proteins |
PITRM1 (Pitrilysin Metallopeptidase 1): | PITRM1 antibodies | PITRM1 Proteins | |
PPP1R2 (Protein Phosphatase 1, Regulatory (Inhibitor) Subunit 2): | PPP1R2 antibodies | PPP1R2 ELISA Kits |